Automated process for determining subsurface velocities from seismograms

ABSTRACT

In the determination of acoustic velocity from a suite of seismograms, the signal power of windows from the seismograms is detected for different assumed values of velocity, vertical travel time, and dip. A function indicative of signal presence is plotted as a function of velocity for different vertical travel times to provide an indication of the acoustic velocity characteristic. A plot of signal power for different dip searches provides good results for seismograms from an area including dipping formations.

United States Patent [1 1 3,

Guinzy et al. 51 Oct. 3, 1972 AUTOMATED PROCESS FOR 1 H gs n ygsgite.--

., DETERMINING SUBSURFACE UNITED STATES PATENTS VELOCITIES FROM SEISMOGRAMS 3,417,370 12/1968 Brey ..340/1s.5 72 Inventors: Norman J Guinzy, Austin; Clyde 3,611,278 1971 Gumzy et al ..340/ 15.5

W. Kerns, Irving; William H. Rue- OTHER PUBLICATIONS 2: 2:22 s g E. Teague Normal Moveout and Velocity Relations for Flat and Dipping Beds and for Long Offsets, R. J. S. Brown, 1 Asslgnee: Mobil Oil Corporation Geophysics v01. 34 No. 2 p. 180- 195.

Discussion on De1ta-T Formula for Obtaining Average [22] Filed July 1970 Seismic Velocity to a Dipping Reflecting Bed, J. C. [21] Appl. No.: 57,254 Pflueger, Geophysics, Vol. 19, pg. 339, 1954.

Primary ExaminerBenjamin A. Borchelt s D 8 Assistant Examiner-H. A. Birmiel Re a Attorney-William J. Scherback [63] Continuation of Ser. No. 769,590, Oct. 22, i968, abandoned, which is a continuation-in- [57] ABSTRACT part Of 5 g- 14, 1968, aban- In the determination of acoustic velocity from a suite doned. of seismograms, the signal power of windows from the -.seismograms is detected for different assumed values [52] US. Cl ..340/15.5 DP, of velocity, vertical travel time, and dip. A function in- TD, 31Q/15,5 C B, 44411 dicative of signal presence is plotted as a function of [51] Int. Cl. ..G0lv 1/28 velocity for different vertical travel times to provide [58] Fi ld f S ar h 340/ 5 CC, 15, 5 TD; 15 5 an indication of the acoustic velocity characteristic. A CD, 340 1 5 5 DP 'plot of signal power for different dip searches provides M good results for seismograms from an area including 9522918 m tisns- M- o, 7 Claims, 6 Drawing Figures SELECT N TRACES 55 (M COMMON DEPTH POINTS) SELECT VELOCITY M|N.MAX. INCHEMENT 56 START AT T H 57 CALCULATE 1,;s FOR EACH 58 TRACE FOR- vFIRST AND r,

59 LOOP THROUGH P'CK up WINDOWLMO) LOOP Fl-ROUGH ALL T08 ALL To. END 60 VELOCITIES OF RECORD ii To VEL -r PERFORM ZERO LAG AND ALL DIPS CROSS CORRELATIONS TQoc LAST M 6| STORE (OR PLOT) SIG POWER INCREMENT r,,

mcnemsm VEL J FINAL PLOT PATENTEU 3 I973 3,696,331

SHEET 1 0F 4 SELECT N TRACES 55 (M COMMON DEPTH POINTS) SELECT VELOCITY MIN.MAX, INCREMENT /56 sTART AT T TSTART 57 CALCULATE t 's FOR EACH J, 59 LOOP THRPUGH PICK UP WINDOW(.O40) LOOP "ROUGH ALL TOS ALL TO END l 60 VELOCITIES OF RECORD TO vELLAsT PERFORM ZERO LAG AND ALL D|Ps cRoss CORRELATIONS TOoC LAST A 6| sToRE(oR PLOT) SIG POWER INCREMENT T INCREMENT VEL FINAL PLOT Figl PATENTEDIJBH I972 3.696.331

SHEET 2 0F 4 DISTANCE '5 TIME VELOCITY VI V2 V3 i i i SIGNAL POWER T MAX. SIGNAL F.-

PATENTEDnma I972 SHEET 3 OF 4 TRACE DISTANCE TRACE PATENTEDBCIS I972 3.696.331

SHEET BF 4 I2 FOLD 96 TRACES TIME VELOCITY FUNCTION ENERGY FUNCTIONS Velocity Shift in ms Time in sec Time in sec Fig. 5 Fig. 6

AUTOMATED PROCESS FOR DETERMINING SUBSURFACE VELOCITIES FROM SEISMOGRAMS CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 769,590, now abandoned, filed Oct. 22, 1968, which was a continuation-in-part of application, Ser. No. 752,600, now abandoned, filed Aug. 14, 1968.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In seismic exploration the measurement of velocity is generally recognized as the major parameter in the processing and interpretation of seismograms. The determination of the acoustic velocity characteristic from seismograms is described in Seismic Velocities From Subsurface Measurements, C. H. Dix, Geophysics, Vol. 20, pages 68 86, 1955.

Briefly, acoustic velocity is usually determined from seismograms by use of the relationship In the foregoing, T is the travel time of a seismic wave travelling from a source to an interface and back to a surface receiver. This is the time of the reflection on the seismogram. T is the reflection time on a trace which is obtained from a receiver positioned at the shot. H is the horizontal distance from the source to the receiver and V is the acoustic velocity. Velocity can be determined by standard curve fitting techniques.

Many field exploration techniques can be used to obtain the seismogram for use in velocity determinations. One commonly used field technique is referred to as the common reflection point technique for obtaining multiple coverage of subsurface reflecting points. Another exploration technique is referred to as end on" shooting, that is, with the source on the same side of the detector spread for each generation of seismic energy.

While prior art techniques of velocity determination are generally acceptable, there is always the problem of picking the proper reflection time on the seismograms. This is particularly a problem where the seismograms have a low signal-to-noise ratio.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to seismic exploration wherein the seismic velocity characteristic of the earth is determined from a suite of seismograms representing the reflection of seismic energy from reflecting points in the earth and more particularly to methods of and means for processing seismograms on computing apparatus to detect peaks in a signal detection function as indicative of seismic events for particular vertical travel times and velocities.

It is an important object of the present invention to provide an improved method of velocity determination that defines the seismic signal in the presence of noise and measures the velocity of the subsurfaceformations from which the seismic signal originated.

It is another object of the invention to provide a velocity measurement method that is independent of the point on the seismic wavelet which is picked for velocity measurements.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a method for producing a plot of reflection signals on a suite of seismograms as a function of assumed velocity for each of a plurality of values of vertical travel time.

It is another object of the invention to provide a velocity determination method of the type described above further including a clip search which makes it possible to obtain good velocity estimates from areas in which the subsurface formations are dipping.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the invention;

FIG. 2 shows a set of seismic traces;

FIG. 3 shows a set of seismic traces;

FIG. 4 shows signal power as a function of velocity for a particular time T FIG. 5 is an output plot produced in accordance with this invention; and

FIG. 6 is another output plot produced in accordance with this invention.

DESCRIPTION OF A PARTICULAR EMBODIMENT The problem which has existed with prior art techniques of velocity determination can be more fully explained with reference to FIG. 2. FIG. 2 shows a plurality of traces, 24 traces being indicated, obtained along a line of exploration on the earth, distance along this line of exploration being indicated as the abscissa. Each trace in FIG. 2 includes a seismic wavelet from a common reflector, such reflections commonly being referred to as a seismic event. The seismic wavelet has a finite length which will vary in time for different records. The wavelet length can be as short as 20 milliseconds on high fidelity records to a wave train as long as 200 milliseconds on reverberated, tuned, or ghosted records. This wavelet length limits the seismic resolution.

Because the wavelet has a finite length, there is a problem in determining velocity. If velocities are determined at different points in the wavelet, the results will be different.

In FIG. 2, if the first leg of the wavelet is used for determining velocity as indicated by the dashed line 43, a first velocity V will be determined. However, if the second leg of the wavelet is used, a second, different, velocity V will be determined. (The dashed line 44 is drawn through the second leg of each wavelet.) If the last leg of the wavelet is selected (the dashed line 45 is drawn through the last leg of each wavelet) then still a third velocity V will be determined. It can be shown that the velocities V V and V; are different one from the other and that V is greaterthan V which is greater than V3.

The above problem, together with the problem of obtaining good velocity measurements from poor signalto-noise ratio records, is obviated in accordance with the present invention. The invention can be briefly described with reference to FIG. 3 which shows a set of traces similar to the set shown in FIG. 2. In accordance with the present invention, a window of the seismic trace is selected at different given values of vertical travel time. For example, at the travel time T a seismic window between the points 46 and 47 is selected. Note that T is the reflection arrival time at a shot-toreceiver spacing of zero.

The window selected on the remaining traces in the suite is determined using an assumed velocity V,.

The corresponding vertical travel time, referred to as t,,, on the remaining traces is calculated as will be subsequently described. Windows on these traces are selected, the window between the points 48 and 49 being selected for trace 24, for example. The signal in these windows is detected. Many signal detection techniques are suitable for use in the present invention and their use is within the scope of the invention. Signal detection is described, for example, in Statistical Theory of Signal Detection," Hellstrom, Carl W., Pergammon Press, 1961. The particular form of detection described herein is a zero lag cross-correlation between the selected windows. In general, a function indicative of the presence of a signal is detected. In the cross-correlation technique, the signal power is detected.

Next, a different value of velocity, V is assumed and the same operation is performed. Windows on each trace are selected, the selection being indicated by the limits of the lines 50 and 51. Again the signal power of all of these windows is detected. The search continues through all values of velocity in a given range. For example, a value of velocity V is assumed and windows within the limits of the lines 52 and 53 are selected. The signal power of these windows is detected and stored.

It will be apparent that the signal power will be a maximum for the correct value of assumed velocity. This is best demonstrated in FIG. 4 which shows a plot of signal power as a function of assumed velocity for a particular value of vertical travel time T The peak in the signal power at V indicates that V is the velocity for this seismic event.

Next, the vertical travel time T is incremented and the foregoing steps repeated for different, iterated values of vertical travel time. If the signal power as a function of velocity is plotted for each incremented value of vertical travel time, there is produced a plot of the type shown in FIG. 5. It can be seen that the plot of FIG. 5 provides a good indication of the changing velocity characteristics of the earth as a function of depth. (The ordinant in FIG. 5 is time in seconds, but it will be appreciated that this can be directly converted to depth.) In FIG. 5, the curve 54 represents the maximum signal power as a function of time. This plot of maximum signal power provides a good indication of the presence of reflecting interfaces.

While the range of searched velocities, the increments in the velocity, and the increments in vertical travel time will all differ depending upon the particular type of seismograms being processed, one example of suitable values is as follows. A range of velocity from 5,000 to 9,800 feet per second was searched at velocity intervals of 200 feet per second. The vertical travel time was incremented by milliseconds for each repetition of the procedure.

The length of the window selected should correspond to the expected length of a seismic wavelet in the seismogram. For example, a window 40 milliseconds length is generally suitable.

The process of the present invention can now be described in more detail with reference to the block diagram of FIG. 1. As indicated at 55, N traces are initially selected for processing and the coverage of the common depth points is specified as an input parameter. As an example, N is commonly 24 traces providing sixfold coverage of four common depth points. That is, M 4.

As indicated at 56, other input parameters to the routine are specified. Specifically, the range of velocities to be searched between a minimum and a maximum and the increment in the velocity search are specified as input parameters.

As indicated at 57, the routine starts at a specified value of vertical travel time which is the input parameter TSTABT.

As indicated at 58, the vertical travel time for each of the traces in the suite is calculated. The vertical travel time for the first trace is assumed to be T For each of the other traces, the vertical travel time is given by:

For example, for the calculation of the vertical travel time for the second trace, the value of .x,, in the above is the horizontal distance between the seismometer from which the first trace was obtained and the seismometer from which the second trace was obtained. The value V is the first velocity used in the velocity search. A similar determination is made for the vertical travel time t for each trace.

Then, as indicated at 59, a window of given length is selected from each seismogram starting with the vertical travel time 1,.

These windows from the respective traces are used in the determination of the zero lag correlation signal power between the traces as indicated at 60. While such correlation detection is a particularly good technique for detecting signal in the presence of noise, other signal detection techniques may be used. For example, the amplitude of the windows could be added together sample by sample to form an output representing signal.

In the cross-correlation technique, each sample in the window is multiplied by the corresponding sample in all of the other windows and the products are summed. This type of cross-correlation differs from the usual type of cross-correlation used in seismic processing in that there is no time shifting of the inputs being correlated. That is, there is a straight-forward multiplication point by point of the samples in each window. For each velocity in the velocity search there will be e L (L-l) cross-correlation products to be summed where L is the number of traces. Where L is 24, as in the example under consideration, the total number of cross-correlation products is 276.

The computed value of signal power is stored as indicated at 61 in FIG. 1.

Next, vertical travel time T is incremented as indicated by 62. The steps 58 61 are repeated for the new value of vertical travel time. That is, these steps are looped through all times from the initial specified value TSTART to the end of the record.

As indicated at 63, the value of velocity is incremented. Steps 58 62 are performed for the new incremented value of velocity. These steps are performed for each iterated value of velocity between VHRST and the end of the velocity range. As indicated at 64, the stored values are plotted in the final plot of the type shown in FIG. 5.

In FIG. 5, for each T between and 4.0 seconds there is a plot of signal power as a function of velocity. Peaks in these plots, on the left hand side of FIG. 5, show the velocity at various depths, or times, on the seismogram. Also plotted on FIG. is the curve 54 which is the sum of the signal power detected at each time. Curve 54 provides a good indication of the presence of reflecting interfaces at various depths or times.

As an important improvement of the process described above, a dip search is incorporated in the process. With this improvement, good velocity estimates are obtained in the presence of dip. This improvement also produces better results in low signal-tonoise ratio areas.

In the calculation of the values of t, for each trace, as indicated at 58 in FIG. 1, an additional component is added to each calculated value of t,. This additional component is the calculated value of time shift from trace to trace for an assumed value of dip. Different assumed values of dip are used to perform a dip search.

Assume that the dip is given by a, the angle between the horizontal and the sloping or dipping formation. Also assume that the seismograms have been obtained with end on shooting, that is, with the source on the same side of the detector for each generation of seismic energy. Then, the values of t as calculated in the step 58 are given by:

X, 1/2 "f,- To SID a) In addition to looping through all values of velocity and vertical travel time as indicated in FIG. 1, the process will also loop through a series of assumed values of dip, both positive and negative. These components of dip can be expressed either in terms of the assumed dipping angle, that is, various values of angle, or they can be expressed in terms of the time shift between the first and last traces in the suite.

FIG. 6 is a plot of the total energy curves, that is, a plot similar to the curve 54 in FIG. 5, for each of a plurality of assumed values of dip. In this case, dip has been expressed as total time shift between adjacent CDP points. From FIG. 6 it can be seen that seismic event 70 occurring at approximately 1.133 seconds on the record was produced by an interface having a probable dip of approximately 2 milliseconds of shift. Similarly, the seismic event 71 occurring at approximately 1.6 seconds on the record has a probable dip of 10 milliseconds. The seismic event 72 occurring at 2.133 seconds has a probable dip of 5 milliseconds of shift. The milliseconds of shift specified by the chart of FIG. 6 can be directly converted to estimated angle of dip in degrees from the known spread geometry and acoustic velocity. In other words, there is plotted in FIG. 6 functions, for each value of assumed dip, representing the signal detected at each travel time T so that peaks indicate the probable presence of reflections while the maximum peak at each travel time T in said functions indicates probable dip.

From the foregoing it will be apparent that the method of the present invention can be practiced with the use of several well-known types of computing apparatus. The method is particularly suitable for use with a general purpose digital computer. While the invention can be implemented by various programs, one suitable program, specified in FORTRAN, is given below.

One particular computing system which is suitable for use is supplied by the Control Data Corporation under the general model designation 6600, and includes the following components:

Central Computer, K Memory 6608 Disc System 6602 Console Display 6681 Data Channel Converter 3228 Magnetic Tape Controller 607 Magnetic Tape Transport 3447 Card Reader Controller 405 Card Reader 3256 Line Printer Controller, and

501 Line Printer The particular FORTRAN program for carrying out the invention, including certain modifications, is given below, followed by a brief description of the operation of the program. This program is specified in FOR- TRAN language suitable for use on most digital computers. For a better understanding of the use of FOR- TRAN statements, reference should be made to Introduction to FORTRAN, by S. C. Plumb, McGraw- Hill Book Company, New York, New York.

The input parameters which are applicable to the particular suite of seismograms being processed are as follows:

DELV the increment in velocity for each loop. For

example, 200'/sec. increments have been described.

NDELD number of dip searches to be performed.

NC the number of T s for each velocity.

NTROUT the number of velocity increments. For

example, 24 increments at 200lsec. gives a range of velocity of 4800'lsec. to be searched.

DELT sampling rate of original data in sec.

VMIN first sweep velocity.

ALW length of cross-correlation window (in sec.).

SHIFT sampling rate at which velocity estimates are to be made.

NSOUT total record time for which velocity estimates are wanted in samples of DELT. That is, the number of samples processed for each trace.

TII -starting time of estimation process.

NTRIN number of traces to process.

(array) ofi'set distance for each trace.

ALPHA (array) dip search time shifts between common depth point (CDP) sets.

NFOLD number of fold (CDP traces).

NSETS number of sets of CD? traces.

NTRIN NFOLD NSETS 5 NSA number of samples each trace.

A array in which original traces are stored. POWER, S, B intermediate storage for computations of correlation functions.

DO 506 NDIP=I,NDELD VMIN=NVMIN Briefly, the foregoing listing performs the following operations on the suite of seismograms.

The instruction DO 506 NDIP=I NDELD starts a do-loop which performs the required number of dip searches. The number of dips which are searched, specified by NDELD, can be any number but usually about 9 dip searches are sufficient.

The instruction VMIN=NVMIN sets VMIN equal to NVMIN.

The instruction 300 starts a do-loop which increments the velocity to successive values. The number of velocity increments is NTROUT. When the velocity has been incremented this many times, the loop exits at instruction 505. In each loop the velocity VMIN is incremented by the velocity interval DELV as specified by the instruction 320.

In each loop, the subroutine COMPCRS is called up to perform the cross-correlations and stores the resultant signal power in the appropriate array. Instruction 503 writes the value of signal power for this value of velocity and DIP on tape 5.

The group of instructions beginning with DO 805 I=l,40 initiates a do-loop which reads out the signal powers stored on tape 5 and retains the maximum signal power for each T and each value of velocity V.

Specifically, instructions DO 805 I=1,40 and DO 805 J=1,250 initiate do-loops which clean out the AMP array so that new values can be stored therein.

The instruction DO 810 I=1,NDELD initiates a do-loop which sets AMP (J,K) equal to the maximum value of the signal power for each value of dip. That is, the number of clips l,is NDELD and the do-loop signal powers are read out for each dip search.

The instructions DO 820 J=l ,do-loop initiates a do- Loop which retains the maximum value of signal power for each increment of velocity, the number of increments being NTROUT. The signal powers stored on tape 5 are read out in response to READ TAPE 5,

The instruction DO 820 K=l,NC initiates a doloop which determines the maximum value of signal power for each assumed value of T for a number of T equal to NC.

In each loop instruction 820 sets the array AMP (J ,K) equal to the maximum value of signal power for each velocity T The group of instructions starting with DO 655 l=l ,NDELD perform three nested do-loops which put the maximum values of the signal power in the B-array at each T for each clip and for each value of velocity.

The first do-loop performs the required number of clip searches between 1 and NDELD.

The second do-loop determines the maximum value of signal power for each value of T where NC is the number of T s.

The third do-loop determines the maximum value of signal power for each increment of velocity between one and NTROUT.

Initially, the value RMAX is set to zero. During each loop RMAX is set equal to the maximum value of the signal powers searched in these three do-loops.

Referring now to the subroutine COMPCRS, the instructions -65 are initialization steps. That is, certain storage arrays are cleared and certain dummy parameters are set.

The instructions 70 145 make up a do-loop which determines the time t, on each trace and selects a window from the trace for that time. In instruction 95, TSUM corresponds to T in the calculations performed in step 58 of FIG. 1, X(N) is the horizontal displacement x, and V is the assumed velocity squared.

In instruction 100, the value of t, is determined. This is the square root of the value of TSQ previously determined in instruction 95, plus or minus a value of dip.

The clip adds or subtracts a time shift to or from t, for each trace, depending upon which side of the reference the trace is on. For example, assume there are four common depth points and there is sixfold coverage, that is, there are six seismograms for each common depth point. The total number of traces is 24. For the first six traces, that is N 1 through 6, the quantity (N-l)/NFOLD *2 is 0. In fixed-point arithmetic used here, the quantity (N-l)/NFOLD is less than 1 and hence is equal to zero. The quantity (NSETS l) *0.5 is equal to 1.5 and, therefore, a time shift of 1.5 ALPHA will be applied to each of traces 2 6.

For traces 7 12, the quantity (N1/NFOLD) is a -l. Traces 7 12 will have applied thereto a correction of 0.5 ALPHA. Similarly, traces 13 18 will have applied thereto a correction of +0.5 ALPHA and traces I9 24 will have applied thereto a correction of 1.5 ALPHA.

Instructions 105 112 select a window from the trace for the selected value of t,.

Instruction 115 checks to determine whether the routine has gone beyond the limits desired for processing. For example, if it is desired to process the first four seconds on the seismogram, NSOUT is equal to 1000 (assuming a sample interval of 4 milliseconds). Instruction 1 determines whether the processing has proceeded past the desired point.

Assuming that processing has not exceeded the desired limits, then T is incremented at 120 so that the same determination can be made for a new value of T,,. If the processing has exceeded the desired limits, a jump is made to 145 to increment the do-loop.

The do-loop, including instructions 125 I30, determines the sum of all samples in the window and the zero lag autocorrelation of each window, for each sample in the window. Specifically, instruction 127 stores in the array B(J+INE) the sum of all windows, sample by sample. Instructions 130 stores in the array POWER the zero lag autocorrelation of each window on each trace.

Instructions I55 190 determine the zero lag crosscorrelations by subtracting the zero lag autocorrelations for each window from the square of the sums stored in the B array. It can be shown that the square of the sums of all samples in a window minus the zero lag autocorrelation function of each window is equal to the sum of the zero lag cross-correlation functions. This is a time saving technique for obtaining the zero lag crosscorrelation functions without an undue amount of multiplication.

Finally, the signal power is output at instruction 190. Signal power CRS (instruction 190) is given for a given velocity for each of the assumed values T velocity,

and for each dip search. from Many variations of the foregoing routine will be ap parent to persons of ordinary skill in this art. For example, the loops which perform the dip, vertical travel time T and velocity searches have been described as being performed, that is, nested," in a particular sequence. It will be apparent that the sequence of performance of these loops may be changed. In the foregoing programs it was assumed that the seismograms were obtained from a common depth point type of exploration. It will be appreciated that this invention can be carried out on seismograms from other types of exploration and specifically can be carried out for seismograms obtained from a type of exploration referred to as end-on shooting.

The appended claims are intended to cover any such modifications within the true spirit and scope of the invention.

What is claimed is:

1. In seismic exploration wherein the seismic velocity characteristic of the earth is determined from a suite of seismograms representing the reflection of seismic energy from reflecting points in the earth, said suite of seismograms being obtained from detectors spaced along a line of exploration, the method of automatically processing said seismograms in a data processing machine comprising:

a. for given values of dip, travel time T and seismic velocity V generating in said data processing machine physical representations of the corresponding travel times t, F for each of the traces in said suite of seismograms;

. for each value of t, generated in step (a), selecting a window of each trace, said window having a time length which approximates the expected length of a seismic wavelet in said seismograms;

. detecting the presence of a seismic signal in the windows across said traces, said windows having time shifts from trace to trace corresponding with an assumed value of velocity and an assumed value of dip;

d. repeating steps (a) (c) in said data processing machine for different iterated values of dip, for different iterated values of velocity V, and for different iterated value of travel time T generating a function indicative of the presence of the detected seismic signal for each travel time T and f. for each value of dip generating functions representing the maximum signal detected at each travel time T so that peaks in said functions indicate the probable presence of reflections from dipping subsurface reflectors at the assumed dip and the maximum peak at each travel time T in said functions indicates clip.

2. The method recited in claim 1 further comprising:

plotting the functions generated in step (f) for each value of clip.

3. A method recited in claim 1 further comprising:

plotting said function indicative of the presence of the detected seismic signal for each travel time T 4. The method recited in claim 1 wherein the travel times t are generated in accordance with 11 where X is the distance along said line of exploration between the source and the detector producing the seismogram for which z is computed, and At is the dip between adjacent sets of seismograms.

5. The method recited in claim 1 wherein the travel times t, are generated in accordance with 1/2 2 V T sin a) where X is the distance along said line of exploration between the source and the detector producing the seismogram from which t is computed, and a is assumed value of dip.

6. The method recited in claim 1 wherein the signal power of the windows is detected by the step comprismg:

generating the zero lag cross-correlation function of the amplitude of all of said windows.

7. In seismic exploration wherein the seismic velocity characteristic of the earth is determined from a suite of seismograms representing the reflection of seismic energy from reflecting points in the earth, said suite of seismograms being obtained from detectors spaced along a line of exploration, the method of automatically processing said seismograms in a data processing machine comprising:

a. for given values of dip, travel time T and seismic velocity V generating in said data processing machine physical representations of the corresponding travel times t, for each of the traces in said suite of seismograms;

. detecting the presence of a seismic signal at times 1, across said traces, said times t, having time shifts from trace to trace corresponding with an assumed value of velocity and an assumed value of dip; and

(c) repeating steps (a) and (b) in said data processing machine for different values of dip, for

different values of velocity V, and for different values of travel time T 8. The method of claim 7 comprising:

for each value of dip generating functions representing the maximum signal detected at each travel time T so that peaks in said functions indicate the probable presence of reflections from dipping subsurface reflectors at the assumed dip and the maximum peak at each travel time T in said functions indicates dip.

9. The method of claim 7 comprising:

generating a function indicative of the presence of the detected seismic signal for each travel time T PAGE 1 OF 2 PAGES UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION P nt NO, 3,696,331 Dated October 3 l972 Inventor(s) Norman J. Guinzy, Clyde W. Kerns William H. Ruehle and Henry E. Teague It is certified that error appears in the above-identified patent and that said Letters Patent are hereby corrected as shown below:

On the title page, second column thereof, "7 Claims, 6 Drawing Figures" should be 9 Claims, 6 Drawing Figures--.

Column 4, line 32, "correlation" should be cross-correlation- Column 7, line 8, "sequency" should be --sequence--;

line 13, that portion of instruction 300 reading (CRS,A, should read (CRS,T,A, line 18, that portion of instruction 506 reading Z) CONTINUE should read CONTINUE line 23 that portion of instruction 820 reading MAXlF should read MAXlF line 28, instruction 650 should read as follows:

RMAX=MAXlF(RMAX,AMP(J,N)) line 34, instruction should read as follows:

DO J=1, NSOUT line 47, between instructions and add the following:

100 TX=SQRTF(TSQ) line 53, that portion of instruction reading INF=TSUMA/DELT+.5 should read INE=TSUMA/DELT+.5 line 62, that portion of instruction reading 198,165 should read 195,165

line 64, that portion of instruction reading TSUMA=TSVMA+ALW should read TSUMA=TSUMA+ALW Column 8, line 37, after "dips" cancel "1," and insert --searched--; same line, cancel "do-loop" and insert --maximum--;

line 38, search. should read search.

line 39, cancel "do-loop" and insert NTROUT" and line 40, "Loop" should read loop FORM PO-1050 (10-69) USCOMM-DC 6O376-P69 U 5. GOVERNMENT PRINHNG OFFICE: I969 O366334 Y 7 PAGE 3 'of 2 pages.

' UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION, contd.

g Patent: No. 3 ,696,331 Dated October 3, 1972 Inventor(s) Norman J. Guinzy, Clyde W. Kerns, William H. Ruehle and Henry E. Teague It is certified that error appears in the above-identified patent and that said Letters Patent are hereby corrected as shown below:

{ Column 9, line 26, "traces 2-6" should read "traces 1-6 and j line 53, "Instructions 130" should read Instruction l30- Column 10, line 2, after "search." cancel --from--; and

line 47 (Claim 1) "value" should read --values-- Signed and sealed this 20th day of February 1973.

(SEAL) Attest:

ROBERT GOTTSCHALK' Attesting Officer FORM PC4050 (10'69) USCOMM-DC 6O376-P69 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1 I969 0-356-334 

1. In seismic exploration wherein the seismic velocity characteristic of the earth is determined from a suite of seismograms representing the reflection of seismic energy from reflecting points in the earth, said suite of seismograms being obtained from detectors spaced along a line of exploration, the method of automatically processing said seismograms in a data processing machine comprising: a. for given values of dip, travel time T0, and seismic velocity V generating in said data processing machine physical representations of the corresponding travel times tx for each of the traces in said suite of seismograms; b. for each value of tx generated in step (a), selecting a window of each trace, said window having a time length which approximates the expected length of a seismic wavelet in said seismograms; c. detecting the presence of a seismic signal in the windows across said traces, said windows having time shifts from trace to trace corresponding with an assumed value of velocity and an assumed value of dip; d. repeating steps (a) - (c) in said data processing machine for different iterated values of dip, for different iterated values of velocity V, and for different iterated value of travel time T0, e. generating a function indicative of the presence of the detected seismic signal for each travel time T0; and f. for each value of dip generating functions representing the maximum signal detected at each travel time T0 so that peaks in said functions indicate the probable presence of reflections from dipping subsurface reflectors at the assumed dip and the maximum peak at each travel time T0 in said functions indicates dip.
 2. The method recited in claim 1 further comprising: plotting the functions generated in step (f) for each value of dip.
 3. A method recited in claim 1 further comprising: plotting said function indicative of the presence of the detected seismic signal for each travel time T0.
 4. The method recited in claim 1 wherein the travel times tx are generated in accordance with where Xn is the distance along said line of exploration between the source and the detector producing the seismogram for which tx is computed, and Delta t is the dip between adjacent sets of seismograms.
 5. The method recited in claim 1 wherein the travel times tx are generated in accordance with where Xn is the distance along said line of exploration between the source and the detector producing the seismogram from which tx is computed, and Alpha is assumed value of dip.
 6. The method recited in claim 1 wherein the signal power of the windows is detected by the step comprising: generating the zero lag cross-correlation function of the amplitude of all of said windows.
 7. In seismic exploration wherein the seismic velocity characteristic of the earth is determined from a suite of seismograms representing the reflection of seismic energy from reflecting points in the earth, said suite of seismograms being obtained from detectors spaced along a line of exploration, the method of automatically processing said seismograms in a data processing machine comprising: a. for given values of dip, travel time T0, and seismic velocity V generating in said data processing machine physical representations of the corresponding travel times tx for each of the traces in said suite of seismograms; b. detecting the presence of a seismic signal at times tx across said traces, said times tx having time shifts from trace to trace corresponding with an assumed value of velocity and an assumed value of dip; and (c) repeating stEps (a) and (b) in said data processing machine for different values of dip, for different values of velocity V, and for different values of travel time T0
 8. The method of claim 7 comprising: for each value of dip generating functions representing the maximum signal detected at each travel time T0 so that peaks in said functions indicate the probable presence of reflections from dipping subsurface reflectors at the assumed dip and the maximum peak at each travel time T0 in said functions indicates dip.
 9. The method of claim 7 comprising: generating a function indicative of the presence of the detected seismic signal for each travel time T0. 